Simulators

Characteristics

Validation

Efficacy

ES3

Stereoscopic display, haptic devices, voice recognition

Yes [29]

·   RCTs

·   Significantly improved psychomotor, procedural and anatomical score

VOXEL-MAN Sinus Surgery

Stereoscopic display, haptic devices

Yes [30]

·   Not available

Lapsim

Stereoscopic display, haptic devices

Yes [36]

·   Not available